Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) encompasses a group of conditions affecting a child's ability to perform coordinated movements. These disorders can impact fine motor skills, gross motor skills, coordination, balance, and muscle control. They may potentially interfere with daily activities such as handwriting, writing, walking, running, jumping, and self-care.  

DCD affects approximately 5-6% of school-aged children, with symptoms typically becoming apparent in early childhood. DCD can significantly affect a child's academic performance, social interactions, emotional well-being, and independence in daily activities. However, early identification and intervention can help children develop motor skills and participate fully in daily activities. 

Fine Motor Difficulties 

• Trouble with tasks requiring hand-eye coordination 

• Poor handwriting or difficulty using writing tools 

• Challenges with buttoning clothes, tying shoelaces, or using utensils 

• Difficulty manipulating small objects or completing puzzles 

Gross Motor Difficulties 

• Challenges with larger movements such as running, jumping, or climbing stairs 

• Poor balance and coordination, often appearing clumsy 

• Difficulty with sports and physical play 

• Struggles with activities like catching or throwing a ball 

Muscle Tone Issues 

• Reduced muscle tone (hypotonia): Muscles appear floppy or too relaxed 

• Increased muscle tone (hypertonia): Muscles appear stiff or rigid 

• These issues can affect posture, movement, and coordination 

Delayed Motor Milestones 

• Late achievement of motor milestones compared to peers, such as:  

• Sitting up (typically achieved by 6-8 months) 

• Crawling (typically achieved by 7-10 months) 

• Walking (typically achieved by 12-18 months) 

DCD can result from various factors: 

• Neurological factors:  

  • Abnormalities in brain development (e.g., cerebral palsy) 

  • Damage to the brain or nervous system 

• Genetic conditions:  

  • Down syndrome 

  • Muscular dystrophy 

  • Other inherited disorders affecting motor function 

• Environmental influences:  

  • Prenatal exposure to toxins or infections 

  • Premature birth 

  • Lack of early movement experiences 

• Idiopathic cases:  

  • In some instances, the exact cause remains unknown 

Diagnosing a DCD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a multidisciplinary team that may include the following professionals: 

• Pediatrician 

• Neurologist 

• Occupational therapist 

• Physical therapist 

The diagnostic process typically includes: 

• Developmental history:  

  • Review of the child's developmental milestones 

  • Family medical history 

• Motor skills assessment:  

  • Standardized tests such as the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2) 

  • Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2) 

  • Observations of the child's motor abilities in various settings 

• Neurological evaluation:  

  • Assessment of reflexes, muscle strength, and overall neurological function 

• Imaging and laboratory tests:  

  • MRI or CT scans to detect brain abnormalities (if indicated) 

  • Genetic testing to identify underlying genetic conditions 

Management of developmental disorders of motor function focuses on improving the child's motor abilities and enhancing independence in daily activities. Treatment is often long-term and may include: 

Physical Therapy 

• Targeted exercises to improve gross motor skills 

• Activities to enhance balance, coordination, and strength 

• Use of play-based approaches to engage children 

Occupational Therapy 

• Techniques to enhance fine motor skills 

• Support for daily living activities (dressing, feeding, writing) 

• Introduction of adaptive tools and strategies 

Assistive Devices 

• Braces, walkers, or other mobility aids 

• Adaptive equipment for writing, eating, or other tasks 

Parent and Caregiver Education 

• Training in supportive techniques for home and everyday activities 

• Guidance on creating motor skill-enhancing environments 

Special Education Services 

• Collaboration with educators to create Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) 

• Classroom accommodations to support learning and participation 

Psychological Support 

• Counseling to address emotional and social challenges 

• Strategies to build self-esteem and cope with frustrations