The Overlap Between Autism and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

As we strive to understand and support those with neurodevelopmental differences, it's essential to recognize the ways in which certain conditions may overlap. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism, two common diagnoses, share certain characteristics and can often occur together.

Pediatrician and young child high-fiving.

A pediatrician and a young boy high-fiving after an assessment.

The Co-occurrence of ADHD and Autism

Research shows that ADHD and autism frequently co-occur, with up to 50% of individuals diagnosed with autism also meeting the criteria for ADHD. Both conditions involve developmental differences in the brain, which can lead to challenges in various aspects of life.

A diagnosis of ADHD may be appropriate if someone has persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. Autism, on the other hand, is characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, as well as the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. While the diagnostic criteria for these conditions differ, there is considerable overlap in some of their features.

Signs of ADHD and Autism

ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, while autism’s core features relate to social communication, interaction, and repetitive behaviors. Hyperactivity and impulsivity can be present in individuals with autism, and this may be a sign of co-occurring ADHD. Both conditions may involve difficulties with organization, time management, and planning.

Those with ADHD may struggle with maintaining focus during conversations, which can affect social interactions. Those with autism often have difficulty understanding and interpreting social cues, as well as forming and maintaining relationships.

How ADHD and Autism Can Interact

When ADHD and autism co-occur, they might lead to greater challenges. Executive functioning, which involves skills such as organization, planning, and self-regulation, can be especially difficult for those with both ADHD and autism.

Sensory processing differences can be seen with both ADHD and autism. Heightened sensitivity to sensory input might make it even more challenging for someone to focus and regulate.

Navigating life with co-occurring conditions can be complex, and it's important to recognize the unique needs and challenges faced by those with both ADHD and autism.

A psychologist doing art therapy with a young boy during a psychologist visit.

Treatments and Therapies for ADHD and Autism

Understanding the overlap between ADHD and autism has significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. A personalized approach that considers both conditions is essential to providing the best possible support. Some treatments and therapies that might help, all of which are offered at Cortica, include:

Applied behavior analysis (ABA): ABA is an evidence-based intervention for autism that focuses on improving specific behaviors and skills by reinforcing desired actions and reducing maladaptive behaviors. ABA-based strategies can also help individuals with ADHD, particularly when addressing issues such as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and attention.
Occupational therapy (OT): Occupational therapists work with individuals to develop the skills needed for daily living, self-care, and academic success. OT can address sensory processing issues, fine motor skills, and executive functioning challenges which are common in autism and ADHD.
Medication management: Medications such as stimulants and non-stimulants (including alpha-2 adrenergic agonists like guanfacine and clonidine) can be prescribed to help manage inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A variety of medications can also help with anxiety or irritability and can be used safely under the care of an experienced medical provider.

It's important to note that every person’s experience is unique, and recommended therapies will vary based on factors such as age, symptom severity, and personal preferences. By working closely with healthcare professionals, considering the unique needs of each person, and understanding the relationship between ADHD and autism, it's possible to develop a tailored approach that supports the growth and development of those with both ADHD and autism.

Citations

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

2. Antshel, K. M., Zhang-James, Y., & Faraone, S. V. (2013). The comorbidity of ADHD and autism spectrum disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(10), 1117-1128. doi: 10.1586/14737175.2013.840417

3. Craig, F., Lamanna, A. L., Margari, F., Matera, E., & Simone, M. (2015). Overlap between autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Searching for distinctive/common clinical features. Autism Research, 8(3), 328-337. doi: 10.1002/aur.1449

4. Matson, J. L., & Goldin, R. L. (2013). Comorbidity and autism: Trends, topics and future directions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(10), 1228-1233. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2013.07.005

5. National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml

6. National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml